Business Organization of R&D Activities in Big Pharma Companies Essay

Business Organization of R&D Activities in Big Pharma Companies - Essay Example Glaxo Smith Kline (GSK) has the strongest pipeline in pharmaceutical industry the globe over. This pipeline is achieved when out of millions of compounds screened about 250 make it to pre-clinical testing, 10 make it to clinical testing and only one gets approved for patient use. With these astronomical trial efforts involved, R&D activity needs to be brisk and fast at all stages to keep the pipeline growing. GSK's recent robust performance is threatened substantially by this very patent and pipeline uncertainties. Therefore the period 2004-06 will require the company to devise methods to emerge out of these uncertainties as competition mounts pressure throughout this period. In order to resolve its diseconomies of scale on formal innovation(each commercially released drug is equivalent to an innovation), GSK has restructured the company's R&D functions into strategic business units, styled Centre of Excellence for Drug Discovery(CEDD), breaking from an organic and holistic structure in order to hasten process of innovation. GSK appears to be attempting to keep its pipeline filled via this method.GSK followed this restructuring with another round when it introduced Medicine Development centers (MDCs).The main task of MDCs is to streamline decision making and maximize the global development opportunities for each product. The MDCs are responsible for product development from concept stage to manufacturing and marketing stages.MDCs enter into collaborations with CEDDs at an early stage thus integrating R&D, manufacturing and marketing functions. Because of the smaller scale of these units the decision layers in each activity has not only been reduced but has also become transparent and accountable.Intra organization communication is now specialized in competence functions and thus is quick and decisive. A web site on company information describes the organization structure and R& D activity at GSK to fit in the above description almost exactly "The organizational structure of GSK is designed to make our company a model for excellence in the pharmaceutical industry - a new company that represents best practice in every way. GSK is a company with the size and scale to invest in the tools we need to succeed, and to drive that success going forward. To achieve that goal, GSK is organized as a flexible company, capable of responding quickly to a rapidly changing marketplace. Organized globally to coordinate activities and gain the benefits of size and scale, the company is built on smaller, customer-focused units, dedicated to delivering medicines that relieve the suffering of patients around the world. The new and innovative model for R&D, the focused structure of our pharmaceutical business throughout the world and the organization of our global services such as IT and Procurement are some of the highlights in the approach which will lead our success.At GSK, scientists in Research and Development are committed to capturing

Catherine Triangle Essay Example for Free

Catherine Triangle Essay Overlooking the docks area of Brooklyn is the massive Brooklyn Bridge, which spans New Yorks East River and which joins the boroughs of Brooklyn and Manhattan. In the title, Miller suggests he is giving the audience a view of the community which lies below the bridge. The title also suggests that the audience is given a panoramic view of the scene, much as a captain of a ship has an all-round view from the vessels bridge. The action of the play takes place largely in an apartment in a tenement block in the Red Hook area of Brooklyn. In the play, Alfieri, the lawyer, describes the area as: the slum that faces the bay on the seaward side of Brooklyn Bridge and as the gullet of New York swallowing the tonnage of the world. It was a socially deprived area, where succeeding generations of immigrants from Europe, both legal and illegal, found a home and work. There was a long-established Italian community in the area. The Culture and Society of Red Hook. Given the rather traditional values of Italian-American society in the middle of the twentieth century and the fact that most of the men earned their living from hard physical labour in the dockyards and elsewhere, it is not surprising that Red Hook was quite a raw, masculine and even macho society. Manhood, which involved strength and aggression (and proving it) was very important. Women were expected to conform to an image of purity and domestic virtue and, as Beatrice does, gain most of their satisfaction from cooking and maintaining the household. The men expected to be respected and obeyed as of right and the women had to submit to them in decision- making. The influence of the Roman Catholic Church was strong and most people had traditional moral views. The family and the extended family were of major importance as was the community. Many of the families were recent immigrants from Southern Italy, the original home of the Mafia, and family and blood ties were often demonstrated through the practice of vendetta, that is the obligation on the rest of the family to take revenge on anyone who insulted or harmed any of its members. It was, therefore, a culture in which a mans reputation (for strength and honesty, for example) was crucial to him and where any affront to a persons honour had to be avenged. This may help you to understand the pressure that Eddie and Marco are under at the end of the play. The Legal Background. In the first 20 years of the Twentieth Century, over three million Italians emigrated to the U. S. A. to escape from the poverty of their homeland and in the hope of a better life in America. These were legal immigrants to America, but the local population grew increasingly hostile to the Italian community. In the early 1920s the American government passed laws to restrict immigration and afterwards only four thousand Italians were allowed to enter the U. S. A.  legally each year. Far more than this number were desperate to escape the poverty of their own country. Two such were the submarines, Marco and Rodolpho, cousins of Beatrice, who enter America illegally on the evening the play opens. One of the few ways an illegal immigrant could gain the right to remain in America legitimately was to marry an American citizen. This sometimes meant that illegal immigrants married not for love, but simply to remain in the country. We can perhaps better understand Eddies fears about Rodolpho when we know this 7. The Carbone Familys Background. A playwright, unlike a novelist, cannot describe characters and situations to an audience. Details about characters and their relationships have to be revealed gradually and subtly. What, then, do we know about the Carbone family and the relationships within it? The Carbones live in an apartment in a tenement building, at 441 Saxon Street, Brooklyn, which Miller describes as a workers flat, clean, sparse, homely. Eddie, aged 40, is a large, strong man who enjoys male pursuits and going bowling with his friends. He is a longshoreman (i. e. he works in the docks). Beatrice is a traditional 1950s housewife. She keeps the flat looking immaculate, cooks and, at least in the early part of the play, dutifully defers to Eddie in everything. She stands up to Eddie much more as the action unfolds, and objects to his overprotective attitude to Catherine. Catherine, Beatrices attractive 17-year-old niece, had been adopted by Eddie and Beatrice when her parents died. Catherine is very fond of Eddie but there is growing tension between them because of Catherines wish to start work and Eddies desire to protect her from, as he sees them, the dangers of the adult world. The Eddie Beatrice Catherine Triangle. The relationship between these three is the fOcus of Act I. Eddie and Beatrice have obviously had a warm, loving relationship but there are currently stresses. In Catherines opinion, and in Eddies too, Beatrice nags her husband. Catherine tells Rodolpho: If I was a wife, I would make a man happy instead of going on at him all the time (Implying that Beatrice does go on at Eddie. ) Eddie certainly agrees with Catherines view. He tells Beatrice: You didnt used to jump on me all the time about everything. The last year or two I come in the house I dont know whats gonna hit me. Its a shooting gallery in here and Im the pigeon. Part of the tension is caused by Eddies belief that he should be the master in the house and Beatrices increasing wish to express her own view. This leads Eddie to say, I dont like the way you talk to me, Beatrice, whenever Beatrice disagrees with him. The Catherine Rodolpho Eddie Triangle. When Eddie first hears that Beatrices cousins have arrived he says it would be an honour to help them, despite the obvious risks involved. He knows how important it is to give the men a chance to work to send money back to Italy. There is no doubt that Eddie understands the poverty they are escaping as his own father had come to the U. S. A. from Italy. Eddies willingness to offer hospitality shows that he is a good man, aware of his responsibilities to others in the Italian-American community. This makes his later actions an even greater shock. Eddie is immediately impressed by the quiet dignity and maturity of Marco, but he is equally quickly irritated by Rodolpho. This is partly because of Rodolphos personality, for he is an extrovert, quite loud, showy, lively and fun- loving, but also because of his appearance. Eddies stereotyping of Rodolpho because of his blond hair and his voice shows prejudice, which reflects not just Eddies attitudes but those of his time and culture. . The Catherine Rodolpho Eddie Triangle Things which irritate Eddie These are the things about Rodolpho which irritate Eddie: His appearance; especially his blond wacky hair. Eddie says of Rodolpho: hes like a chorus girl or sumpn. His abilities and talents, e. g. dressmaking and cooking, which Eddie thinks are things only a woman should do. This leads him to doubt whether Rodolpho is a real man. His fondness for singing out loud in his high tenor voice, even on the ships. Eddie is embarrassed that other men laugh at Rodolpho for this. He is particularly angry when Rodolpho sings Paper Doll because he thinks the words may be related to Catherine and he becomes aware of the growing romance between her and Rodolpho. The stage directions state that Eddie is puffed with trouble when he notices the growing affection between Catherine and Rodolpho. These are the things that annoy Eddie at first, but annoyance becomes hate when he realises that Rodolpho is a rival for Catherine. In Act II, Eddie is furious with Catherine and Rodolpho for going to the cinema and staying out late. Eddie believes that Rodolpho is deliberately dating Catherine in the hope of marrying her and being able to stay in America. It is difficult to decide whether this is a genuine concern or whether Eddie is using it as an excuse to cover his real feeling which is sexual jealousy. What do you think? It is unlikely that a man like Eddie would consider Rodolpho as a suitable partner for Catherine, even if there was no sexual jealousy involved. . The Catherine Rodolpho Eddie Triangle Eddies motives Whatever his motives, be they genuine concern to protect his niece or sexual jealousy, Eddie tries his hardest to turn Catherine against Rodolpho and split them up. He tries to humiliate Rodolpho in front of Catherine in the following ways: He cleverly introduces the subject of boxing (a suitably masculine activity for Eddie) and, while pretending to teach Rodolpho how to box, hits him in the mouth. For Eddie, this demonstrates to Catherine what a weak man Rodolpho is and what a strong one he (Eddie) is. It also shows that Eddie thinks women are more attracted to strong, aggressive males.

King Lear Essay Lear?s descent into madness and his subsequent recognit

In the play King Lear, Madness occupies a central place and is associated with both disorder and insanity. Madness intertwines itself within the thoughts of suicide of many characters that undergo hardships. It is deep within all the characters and is shown in many ways. In Lear’s mind, madness reflects the chaos that has descended upon his kingdom. He is affected by the wheel of fortune as he is stripped of his royalty, to become nothing more than a mad commoner. Lear then learns humility as he is joined by Edgar. Edgar’s artificial insanity contains wisdom for the king to discover along the way.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Madness is first introduced in Act 2, when Goneril begins her first stage in demolishing her father’s royal status. She makes him go through what Shakespeare calls the â€Å"Wheel of Fortune† by demanding Lear to cut down his knight count by half from 100 to 50. Lear then attempts to seek refuge from this problem and goes to live with his other daughter, Regan. The conniving sisters take sides with each other in attempts to ruin Lear. Regan conforms with Goneril and orders Lear to deplete his knight count to zero. This gives Lear the opportunity to foreshadow himself going mad in the future. â€Å"O fool, I shall go mad!† (II.iv.287)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The theme of madness is explored in depth in Act 3, as many forms of madness in different characters are found. King Lear in particular is driven to a mad state and is followed by others who have gone ...

Participation :: essays papers

Participation When the McDonald's patron in suburban Johnson County ordered a coffee and got a Coke, he came face to face with a Midwest labor pool truth. Non-English-speaking immigrants are an increasingly large part of the labor force -- not just in the Sun Belt states but in the upper Midwest as well. The fast-food worker, who spoke Spanish and had trouble understanding the man's order, was one of tens of thousands of Hispanics who entered the Midwest job market in the past decade. Without them, economists say, the long-running labor shortage, particularly in entry-level jobs, would be even more severe than it is. For some business patrons, the immigrant influx means occasional difficulties in communication. For some business owners, immigrant labor -- both documented and undocumented -- is the only way to fill jobs that otherwise would go begging. The most recent measure of unemployment in the Kansas City area, taken in May, was 2.8 percent. Missouri's jobless rate was 2.6 percent; Kansas' rate was 3.2 percent. Unemployment throughout the Midwest is well below 5.5 percent, which is considered full employment. Michael Barrera, president of the Hispanic Chamber of Commerce of Greater Kansas City, said the chamber had charted an explosive growth in the metropolitan area's Hispanic, blue-collar, minimum-wage work force, especially in Olathe and northeast Kansas City. Also, Barrera said, the 1990s brought a large increase in the number of entrepreneurial Hispanic immigrants, seen particularly in the blossoming of small stores and restaurants in Kansas City, Kan., and northeast Kansas City. The Hispanic chamber has no estimate of the size of the area's Hispanic work force, but Barrera said the Hispanic population may have grown to as many as 100,000, up from 58,000 in 1996. Throughout the Midwest, Hispanic immigrants are finding work. Census data, updated in 1998, found that 220,000 workers in the West North Central states were of Hispanic origin, up from 93,000 10 years earlier. The Census Bureau defines the West North Central region as Missouri, Kansas, Iowa, Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota and Minnesota. Similar findings were reported last week by the Bureau of National Affairs Inc. in its "Daily Labor Report 2000: Regional Outlook on Labor Markets." The bureau said Illinois now had the nation's fifth-largest Hispanic population, the highest ranking among states not in the Sun Belt. In Illinois and the other Midwest states, the bureau said, Hispanic immigrants are working in construction, restaurants, small manufacturing and farming.

10 Class Maths Paper

SAMPLE PAPER – 2008 Class – X SUBJECT – MATHEMATICS Time: 3 hrs Marks: 80 General Instructions: ( I ) All questions are compulsory. ( ii ) The question paper consists of 30 questions divided into four sections –A, B, C and D. Section A contains 10 questions of 1 mark each, Section B is of 5 questions of 2 marks each, Section C is of 10 questions of 3 marks each and section D is of 5 questions of 6 marks each. ( iii ) There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in one question of two marks each, three questions of three marks each and two questions of six marks each. ( iv ) In question on construction, the drawing should be neat and exactly as per the given measurements. ( v ) Use of calculator is not permitted. SECTION A ( Qns 1 – 10 carry 1 mark each ) 1. If HCF ( a, b ) = 12 and a x b = 1800. Find LCM ( a, b ). 2. Find the zeros of the quadratic polynomial from the graph.Y 4 3 2 1 X X’ -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -1 -2 -3 Y’ 3. If the pair of linear equations x – y = 1 and x + ky = 5 has a unique solution x = 2, y = 1, find the value of k. 4. If x = 4sin2? and y = 4 cos2? + 1. Find the value of x + y. 5. Find the value of P, if cos( 810 + ? ) = sin( P/3 – ? ). 6. A horse is tied to a peg at one corner of an equilateral triangle shaped grass field of side 15m by means of a 7m rope.Find the area of that part of the field in which the horse can graze. 7. Two tangents PQ and PR are drawn from an external point P to a circle with centre O. If LQOR = 1200, then what is the value of LOPQ? Q O P R 8. An observer 1. 5m tall is 28. 5m away from a tower. The angle of elevation of the top of the tower from her eye is 450. What is the height of the tower? A B 450 C 1. 5m D 28. 5m E 9. The graph of the less than ogive and more than ogive intersect at the point ( 4, 15). What is the value of the median? 0. Suppose you drop a die on the rectangular region shown in fig. What is the probabil ity that it will land inside the circle with diameter 1m ? 2m 3m SECTION B ( Qns 11 – 15 carry 2 marks each ) 11. If 9th term of an A. P is 99 and 99th term is 9, find its 108th term. 12. A letter of English alphabet is chosen at random. What is the probability that the chosen letter is ( i ) a vowel ( ii ) a consonant. 13. If 2x + y = 35 and 3x + 4y = 65, find the value of x/y. 14.Show that the three points ( 3, 3 ), ( h, 0 ) and ( 0, k ) are collinear if 1/h + 1/k = 1/3 15. Find the zeros of the quadratic polynomial x2 + 11x + 30, and verify the relationship between the zeros and coefficients. OR Divide the polynomial p ( x ) by g ( x ) and find the quotient and remainder. p( x ) = x4 – 3Ãâ€"2 + 4x + 5 g ( x ) = x2 + 1 – x SECTION C ( Qns 16 – 25 carry 3 marks each ) 16. A shopkeeper buys a number of books for Rs80. If he had bought 4 more books for the same amount, each book would cost him Re 1 less. How many books did he buy? 7. Prove that v3 is irra tional. 18. Find the values of k for which the quadratic equation 2Ãâ€"2 – kx + x + 8 = 0 will have real and equal roots. 19. Draw a right triangle in which the sides ( other than hypotenuse ) are of length 4cm and 3cm. Then construct another triangle whose sides are 5/3 times the corresponding sides of the given triangle. 20. Prove the following identity: 1 – 1 = 1 – 1 . cosec? – cot? sin? sin? cosec? + cot? OR Without using trigonometric tables, evaluate:Sec2100 – cot2800 + sin150cos750 + cos150sin750 . Cos? sin( 900 – ? ) + sin? cos( 900 – ? ) 21. In fig. DE // OQ and DF // OR. Show that EF // QR. P D E F O Q R OR XP and XQ are two tangents to a circle with centre O from a point X out side the circle. ARB is tangent to a circle at R. Prove that XA + AR = XB + BR. P A O RX Q B 22. Show that the line segment joining the points ( -5, 8 ) and ( 10, -4 ) is trisected by the coordinate axes. 23.The line segment joining A ( 6, 3 ) to B ( -1, -4 ) is doubled in length by having half its length added to each end. Find the coordinates of the new ends. 24. In fig. LACB = 900 and CD + AB. Prove that BC2 = BD AC2 AD C A D B 25. Find the area of the shaded region if radii of the two concentric circles with centre O are 14cm and 21cm respectively and LAOC = 300. O 300 B D A C OR Calculate the area of the designed region in fig. common between two quadrants of circles of radius 8cm each. cm ***** 8cm ****** 8cm ****** * * 8cm SECTION D ( Qns 26 – 30 carry 6 marks each ) 26. Prove that in a triangle, if square of one side is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides, then the angle opposite to the first side is a right angle. Using the above do the following: In quadrilateral ABCD, LB = 900. If AD2 = AB2 + BC2 + CD2, then prove that LACD = 900. D C A B 27. From a stationary shop, Joseph bought two pencils and three chocklates for Rs11 and Sumeet bought one pencil and two chocklates for Rs7.Represent this problem in the form of a pair of linear equations. Find the price of one pencil and one chocklate graphically. 28. A man standing on the deck of a ship, which is 10m above the water level, observes the angle of elevation of the top of a hill as 600 and angle of depression of the base of the hill as 300. Calculate the distance of the hill from the ship and the height of the hill. 29. A vessel is in the form of a hemispherical bowl, surmounted by a hollow cylinder.The diameter of the hemisphere is 12cm and the total height of the vessel is 16cm. Find the capacity of the vessel. Also find the internal surface area of the vessel. OR A hollow cone is cut by a plane parallel to the base and the upper portion is removed. If the curved surface of the remainder is 8/9 of the curved surface of the whole cone, find the ratio of the line-segments into which the cone’s altitude is divided by the plane. 30. The following table gives the distribution of the life time of 400 neon lamps: Life time ( in hours ) |Number of lamps | |1500 – 2000 |14 | |2000- 2500 |56 | |2500 – 3000 |60 | |3000 – 3500 |86 | |3500 – 4000 |74 | |4000 – 4500 |62 | |4500 – 5000 |48 | Find the median life time of a lamp. OR Find the mean marks from the following data: |Marks |Number of students | |Below 10 |4 | |Below 20 |10 | |Below 30 |18 |Below 40 |28 | |Below 50 |40 | |Below 60 |70 | M . P . S U R E S H B A B U Mob: 9 4 4 7 1 4 2 9 3 4 E-mail:suresh_ [email  protected] co. in ANSWERS |1. 150 |11. 0 |21. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. or †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ | |2. 3, 1 |12. 5/26, 21/26 |22. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. | |3. k = 3 |13. 3 |23. ( 19/2, 13/2 ),(-9/2, -15/2) | |4. 5 |14. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ |24. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. | |5. p = 270 |15. -6, -5 |25. 64 1/4cm2 or 36 4/7cm2 | | |or q (x ) = x2 + x – 3, r = 8 | | |6. 25 2/3cm2 |16. 16 |26. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. | |7. 00 |17. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. |27. Re 1, Rs 3 | |8. 30m |18. 9, -7 |28. 10 v3m, 40m | |9. 4 |19. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. |29. 1584cm3, 602. 88cm2 | | | |or 1:2 | |10. ? /24 |20. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Or 2 |30. 3406. 98 hours | | | |or 40. 7 |

Great Opportunities From Our Website

Great Opportunities From Our Website Additional Services Why Progressive Delivery is the Best Option for Managing Bigger Orders is accustomed to handling large assignments and we tend to consider these to be any writing project that is 20 pages or more in length. However, where assignments are typed in single-spacing, papers of 10 pages or more can also fall into the category of large assignments since double-spacing can easily inflate a 10+-page paper into a 20+-page one. In any case, these assignments can prove unwieldy and difficult for the customer to manage. This is where progressive delivery can help and it is one of the useful services you get when you choose as your writing partner. Get Your Assignment(s) Delivered in Parts or Sections the Main Benefits:Assignments will be expertly written by a knowledgeable writer while one of our meticulous proofreaders or editors will review it to ensure it is devoid of error. Orders are rendered more manageable getting an order delivered in sections makes it less difficult to monitor and track. Also, it provides the recipient with enough time before they have to hand in their entire paper by the deadline their tutor has set to check each part. For example, adjustments may be needed i.e. if the recipient does not instantly approve the work. A lot more time 30 days instead of 2 days (in the case of standard delivery) for getting papers revised/corrected free-of-charge. Order lifecycle overseen by personal manager who a) facilitates smooth two-way communication between customer/writer and b) ensures order is completed to high standard and to customers satisfaction. How sections/drafts are delivered*:Time to complete order = four days (4 days) or a timeframe not greater than four days: Once the time allowed nears 50% completion, our company sends 25% (Section 1) of the customers assignment to them. (Suppose, therefore, a customer orders an assignment equaling 20 pages from and they have allowed 2 days for us to complete it, then we should send that customer 5 pages of their order by the time 1 day of the agreed time has elapsed). Time to complete order five to eleven days (5 to 11 days): Once the time allowed nears 25% completion, our company sends 25% (Section 1) of the customers assignment to them. When the time allowed nears 50% completion, our company sends 50% (Section 2) of the customers assignment to them. Time to complete order = twelve days (12 days) or a bigger timeframe: ) Once the time allowed nears 25% completion, our company sends 25% (Section 1) of the customers assignment to them. When the time allowed nears 50% completion, our company sends 50% (Section 2) of the customers assignment to them. And, finally, when the time allowed nears 75% completion, our company sends 75% (Section 3) of the customers assignment to them. As is normal practice, adds a small fee to the cost of regular delivery for this service in this case +15%. Remember, you can always contact our friendly agents or your personal writing manager if you find this way of delivering an order does not fit with your expectations i.e. if you have other preferences and/or requirements. On all occasions, our representatives will do everything in their power to find a solution that is satisfactory for our company and our customers. Additional Services Suitable for Orders Less than 20 Pages i.e. Short Orders! Drafts In the event you request a draft from our company, we will be happy to provide this but we can only do so once 50% of the mutually-agreed deadline is expired. Consequently, if we agree a mutually suitable deadline of 2 days, we will provide you with one of the following types of drafts once 1 day has expired: a) a 1-page draft comprised of 600 words if it is required in single line spacing or b) a 1-page draft comprised of 300 words if it is required in double line spacing. Summaries In the event you request a summary from our company, we will gladly provide a 1-page summary that lets you (and, if appropriate, your readers) see the main ideas/points/information from a bigger paper. Summary papers can be particularly helpful in certain circumstances (e.g., someone engaged in a piece of research work with a requirement to report progress or provide periodic updates to a supervisor (or tutor, etc.)). In these situations, summaries are an option that strongly recommends. Extended Revisions While offers (and even guarantees) free revisions to all customers, these are only available for a limited period following order delivery where our standard service applies. At present this timeframe is 48 hours. This free revision period can, however, be extended to 14 days if desired and/or where necessary.

Neighborhood Watch Essays - Community Development, Local Government

Neighborhood Watch Essays - Community Development, Local Government Neighborhood Watch The Neighborhood Watch: One of the most effective crime prevention tools being utilized today is the Neighborhood Watch. The Neighborhood Watch was designed to help strengthen the relationships between neighbors and in the process build community wide crime prevention. Law enforcement officials have for years relied on the community to assist in apprehending criminals after the crime has been committed. With a Neighborhood Watch, this assistance is proactive instead of reactive, meaning that the watch can stop the crime before it occurs. A Neighborhood Watch can be formed around any geographical unit: a block, apartment, public housing complex or neighborhood. A watch group serves as an extra set of eyes and ears for reporting crime and helping neighbors. The effectiveness of a Neighborhood Watch is depends on its members. The Neighborhood Watch serves as a springboard for efforts that address community concerns such as recreation for youth, child care, and affordable housing. A Neighborhood Watch can easily be set up, first contact your neighbors, then then contact your local law enforcement agency and check about setting up a Neighborhood Watch meeting. In order for a group to be certified as a neighborhood watch, most agencies require a minimum of two initial meetings. After the two initial meetings, it is up to each neighborhood to elect a captain for the Neighborhood Watch. Once this is done, the captain will receive signs that will announce to would be criminals that the neighborhood is on the watch. (National Crime Prevention) There are some tips that are important to keep in mind, which help the Neighborhood watch succeed. First, organize regular meetings that focus on current issues such as drug abuse, crime in schools, recreational activities for young people, and neighborhood problems. Second organize community patrols to walk around streets or apartment complexes and report suspicious activity to police. People in cars with cellular phones or CB radios can also patrol. Also, adopt a park or street in the neighborhood. Pick up litter, repair broken equipment, paint over graffiti, to make the neighborhood look nicer. If your

Lee Valley Segmentation Essay Example

Lee Valley Segmentation Essay Example Lee Valley Segmentation Essay Lee Valley Segmentation Essay Background Lee Valley- - a family-owned concern which has been supplying clients of woodworking and horticulture tools since 1978. Their repute is based on three rules: 1. Customer satisfaction: Any merchandise may be returned within 3 months and no cost to the client ( for cargos within North America. they will return your return package station costs ) . 2. Integrity: Merchandise descriptions are matched with the product- - even if the merchandise is approximately made. they will give you accurate descriptions. 3. Treat the client like a friend. About one tierce of their entire gross revenues volume is in merchandises of their ain design. The huge bulk of these are Veritas ® trade name merchandises made by Veritas Tools Inc. . their fabrication arm. They have a research and development squad of 11 people and 130 more in fabrication. And. to reenforce the portion about listening to clients. they have a figure of clients gaining royalties on merchandises that they manufacture based on designs received from them ( Lee Valley ) . Aim Both woodworking and horticulture must hold a 2. 5 % addition in entire gross revenues in the following financial twelvemonth. To accomplish this end. direction has allocated a budget of $ 500. 000- exclusive of the cost of printing and get offing the catalogues. This budget is intended to fund the prospecting activities of both merchandise lines. Current Situation Analysis Since Lee Valley launched its e-Commerce site in 2000. cyberspace gross revenues have been an increasing per centum of entire gross revenues. When launched. the sitegenerated about 20 % of entire gross revenues. with phone gross revenues being 70 % and gross revenues from mail at 10 % . By 2010. Internet gross revenues have reached 70 % of entire gross revenues. which phone gross revenues at 25 % and mail at 5 % . [ movie ] Fig. 1. Percentage of entire orders generated by e-commerce from Lee Valley Tools Ltd. [ movie ] Fig. 2. Percentage of entire orders generated by e-commerce from Lee Valley Tools Ltd. Harmonizing to the pie charts illustrate above. Internet gross revenues have already dominated the entire gross revenues of Lee Valley since its e-Commerce site launched in 2000. About 70 % of the entire clients obtain their merchandises online in 2010 which means that new market cleavage and publicity which focal point on on-line shopping must be generated to suit the demands of bing clients every bit good as new clients. Customer Segmentation- - who the house will function Geographic Variables In positions of the database surveyed by Euromonitor International in 2012. Home and Garden reveals emerging markets and are turning in popularity. developed states remain. by far. the highest Spenders on horticulture merchandises. Higher degrees of urbanisation and incomes. combined with greater entree to a wider scope of goods and services in metropoliss. are cardinal factors underpinning demand. -All states with per family outgo higher than US $ 1. 000 have more than three quarters of their population. -Economic growing and urbanisation are the chief forces behind the growing in place and garden in developing states. Demographic Variables Harmonizing to the Gardening Market Research. the most popular lawn and garden activities included lawn attention ( 48 % of families ) . turning indoor houseplants ( 31 % of families ) . flower horticulture ( 30 % of families ) . and landscape gardening ( 27 % of families ) . The client profile indicated from Lee Valley shows that the norm gardening purchaser features are as follows: -Age: mean 47 -Gender: 65 % female -Income: mean household income $ 72. 017 -Education: 60 % have a college instruction -68 % are married -82 % are householders Psychographic Variables In general. horticulture partisans besides have their distinguishing life styles and personality traits. such as: -Environmental friendly -Family-oriented -Seeking freedom and relaxation -Living a simple and peaceable life -Retired. bask DIY and private clip -Focus on landscaping Behavioral Variables 1. User position Regular users are those who have their regular agenda for purchase in gardening. most of whom have their ain undertakings. Potential users are people who are meaning to entree to the market but still with different grounds of vacillation or lacking of stimulation. Ex-users are those who used to buy horticulture tools in the yesteryear or 2. Intensity of usage In the Pareto’s Law . 20 % of the clients are heavy users but the staying 80 % are merely light users. That indicates companies should emphasis on the most valuable group of clients who are come from the 20 % . It dosen’t intend the remainder parts are non-essential. Frenquency of order in footings of the clime where the clients live every bit good as the intent of purchase. 3. Innovativeness Since 2000. there has been a double-digit growing in the e-commerce sector ; statistics have shown that more than 80 % of regular online shoppers have used Internet to buy merchandises or services. while 50 % of the on-line population recorded to hold shopped online more than one time. Harmonizing to statistics from Invesp Blog. shoppers by age group is as follows: 18-30 old ages ( 54 % ) . 31-44 old ages ( 68 % ) . 45-54 old ages ( 64 % ) . 55-65 old ages ( 68 % ) . 66 old ages and up ( 48 % ) . Teenss and the immature coevals happen amusement and societal webs online. whereas older coevalss use the cyberspace as a tool for research. shopping and banking. Harmonizing to statistics researched in 2009. Generation X ( internet users ages 33-44 ) continues to take in on-line shopping. Fully 80 % of Generation X cyberspace users buy merchandises online. compared to teenage on-line users between ages of 18-32. the following second best. which constitute 71 % of online shopping sum. However. there is a diminution of cyberspace shopping between the ages 64-72. accounting to 56 % . and 47 % of online users between the age 73 and older. Global E-commerce gross revenues are turning by more than 19 % a twelvemonth and will be of about $ 1. 4 trillion by 2015. Lee Valley has a big Numberss of clients ( 70 % ) telling online. which illustrates that clients with these certain features are the cardinal portion of gardening market. Most people between 35 and 55 old ages have their ain house and garden. 68 % of them are married and they are more willing to populate a high quality of life with their households. They prefer to online shopping because it is more convenient and can salvage most of their clip every bit good as money. Equally far as I am concerned. I suggest Lee Valley to construct up collaborative relationships with transnational cyberspace corporations like eBay to widen their market size. At the same clip. cut the budget on publishing the catalogues and set it to societal media so as to pull more new clients. Meanwhile. trueness plan to go outing clients is besides indispensable. For case. garnering different suggestions from trueness clients and run into their particular demands will non merely increase the order frequence but besides better the client satisfaction. Plants Cited Datagraphics. Home and Garden. Urban Countries Spend the Most in Home and Garden. Euromonitor International. N. d. Web. 21 Sept. 2012. Khalid. How Big is E-commerce Industry. invesp Blog. Web. 21 Sept. 2012. Lee Valley. About Us. Lee Valley A ; Veritas. N. d. Web. 21 Sept. 2012. National Gardening Association. Garden Market Research. National Gardening Association. N. d. Web. 21 Sept. 2012. Pew Research Center. Generations Online in 2009. PewResearchCenter Publications. Pew Research Center. 2009. Web. 21 Sept. 2012.

Improvment of the profit margin and sustainability of an organization Assignment

Improvment of the profit margin and sustainability of an organization - Assignment Example In order to improve the profit margin and sustainability of an organization,operating in this tough competitive age,the most essential requirement is recruitment of an experienced and talented leader A leader is a person who might work as a catalyst, in enhancing and controlling the human resources of the organization in an effective way. This is because; the human resource is the prime requirement of any organization operating in any segment and in any region. As human resource are mainly responsible, for the fulfilment of the future goals and objectives of the organization in the market among others. However, it might be possible only if the leader may act tactfully and motivate the employees towards work in order to improve the productivity and image of the organization in the entire market, in-spite of varied types of changes. Only then, the image and profit margin of the organization might get enhanced in the market among other rival players. Moreover, if the changes might be ha ndled in an effective way then the popularity and equity of the organization may be enhanced thereby amplifying its competitiveness in the market to a certain extent in long run among others. Thus, it might be depicted that, leader act as the backbone of the organization that may not only improve the efficiency and capability of the employees but also cope-up with varied types of changes. This essay is mainly divided into five phases that mainly highlights the significance of leadership within an organization. Along with this, it also highlights the role of leadership within a change management situation with the help of models like Kotters 8 steps, Lewin’s change management model. Discussion Evaluation of Change Management and Leadership with models In order to survive in this competitive era, leadership is the most essential requirement. As it acts as a weapon not only stimulate the profit margin and productivity of an organization but also to mitigate varied types of chall enges or changes in an effective way. Change management is described as a systematic procedure to deal or tackle varied types of changes or alterations in a successful manner. Moreover, it might also described as an approach that might be handled by implementing varied types of technologies, strategies and procedures so as to mitigate it effectively within the organization. Only then, the productivity and efficiency of the organization might get enhanced thereby amplifying the image and reputation in the market among other rival players. Apart from this, if the changes might be adapted successfully within the organization, only then, the inner morale and confidence of the employees might get enhanced with a significant extent as compared to others. This might help in improvement of their level of performance and efficiency within the organization thereby amplifying the level of retention. It is extremely essential for any organization operating in this competitive age among many oth er rival players. This is because, the experienced employees are the gems of the organization and they might offer varied types of ideas and suggestions in order to implement the changes in an effective way. Such a situation is also seen within the organization, Biogen Idec Incorporated, at the time of restructuring or reassessment of the business strategies. As a result of which, maximum extent of the employees had to cope up with the procedure of reallocation of their job responsibilities as well as outplacement. Due to which, the relationship within the higher authorities and the employees is fading day by day resulting in amplification of the chances of conflicts and miss-confusions. Not only this, the motivation and dedication of the employees of Biogen Idec is also reducing as their roles and

UNDERSTANDING CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

UNDERSTANDING CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR - Assignment Example This is the stance of management ever since. Any marketing plan should begin with consumer and satisfying its wants because that is the only justification for the existence of a store, the Electro store for that matter. Electro Store should be able to understand the consumer’s needs, wants, desires, preferences, beliefs and other odd behaviors in order to win the customer. It is therefore the responsibility of Electro store to learn as much as possible these factors of potential customers. There are sociological factors that influence household purchasing decisions; these are cohesion, adaptability and communication. Cohesion is defined as the emotional bonding between family members. It measures how close to each other feel on an emotional level. It reflects a sense of connectedness to or separateness to other family members. Buying decisions are greatly influenced by the member of the family. There is no question that the bulk of household purchases are made by women, but major decisions like buying a car, appliances, or real property are jointly done by the husband and wife, and sometimes with consultation with children. A joint decision only shows cohesiveness of the family. Therefore when the buying decision is done the family as a group – the role of the marketers is to target the family through their marketing campaigns. Adaptability is described as the ability of the family to change its power, role, relationships, and relationship rules in response to situational and developmental stress. The degree of adaptability shows how well a family can meet the challenges presented by the situation. These challenges can come from reference groups that have the potentials of influencing behavior. Reference groups are groups of individuals that one interacts often. Examples are friends, family relatives, and co-workers. They have the potentials of influencing behavior. For example, if the product is visible like car, shoes or

Effects of Internet Social Networking on the Lives of Teenagers Essay - 1

Effects of Internet Social Networking on the Lives of Teenagers - Essay Example Social networking sites most commonly in use today are Facebook and Twitter. Most teenagers necessarily visit these websites several times in a day all over the world. According to a recent research generated by the Pew Internet Project, as many as 93 per cent of the teenagers in America between the age of 12 years and 17 years are regular users of the internet, and 55 per cent of such teenagers spends most of the time using social networking websites (Hall). Social networking sites cause a lot of troubles in the life of teenagers. As a result of the expanded social circle because of internet social networking, teenagers are prone to fall in the hands of pedophiles and kidnappers. Internet social networking increases the interaction of a teenager with others. In fact, many studies have found the social networks of internet using teenagers to be much larger than others that do not use the internet. Not only their social circle increases, but also the way they communicate changes. Nowa days, many teenagers can be heard speaking to one another in slang. The time that teenagers spend socializing with others in the virtual world is no less effective than the real world for building relationships and socializing with others. Everyday, hundreds of teenagers fall prey to pedophiles and end up getting into dangerous real world activities. Anonymity is a special feature of the social networking sites. This allows the unscrupulous people to approach the immature teenagers and involve them in harmful activities by conversing with them. The predators can easily project themselves as teenagers. This allows them to draw the teenagers into harmful activities in the real world along with the virtual world. They send messages to the teenagers via these websites. Many teenagers respond to them. The predators may use social networking sites to drive the teenagers into the business of drug dealing or child pornography.

Is placing a financial value on the natural envirnment enough Essay

Is placing a financial value on the natural envirnment enough - Essay Example Additionally, the desire for improved infrastructure makes it possible for government agencies and the private sector to overlook the natural environment. Placing a financial value on the natural environment thus makes it possible for the government to maintain high-level accountability thus monitoring changes and implementing appropriate policies in curbing the effects of environmental degradation. Emission of carbon dioxide gases and the diminishing forest cover in countries globally is a vital social issue that governments all over the world strive to address. Pacing financial value on the natural environment thus makes it possible for the government to account for the activities of every individual and determine an appropriate way of compensating especially for people who emit carbon but cannot take social responsibility (Glasson, Therivel & Chadwick, 2005). The Canadian for example has implemented and efficient mechanism of taxing those emitting carbon. Through a tax regime entitled carbon tax, the Canadian government collects revenue it uses in improving the forest cover with the view of increasing conservation of the environment. Additionally, such costs act as incentives for entrepreneurs to use clean sources of energy such as bio fuels, the sun and wind among many others. By placing financial value on the natural environment, the implementation of such effective polici es become more efficient and less exploitative since the government will monitor the activities of every emitter of carbon thereby charging appropriately. The approach adopted by the UK government promises more effectiveness owing to the governments attention to details associated with the placement of the financial value on the natural environment. Total enterprise value is a concept in accounting that helps entrepreneurs to determine the actual value of their entries.

Early Medical Practices in the Neolithic Period Research Proposal

Early Medical Practices in the Neolithic Period - Research Proposal Example The objectives are to conduct a visual survey and then a targeted analysis looking for narcotic or other chemical traces, and to interpret the remains holistically including any new evidence found. Literature review There is a very extensive literature on the burial practices of Neolithic peoples, (Thomas, 1999) and indeed excavations of burial sites, especially in Egypt but also across Europe and in the Americas provide the largest sources of human bone material for analysis. The form of deposition human remains is, however, not without its problems because the bones are subjected to various processes ranging from burning, to de-fleshing, selected preservation of only parts of the body, and mummification. Various kinds of positioning in different types of ground leave traces on the bones which add layers of complication to scientific analysis. Incomplete samples survive, with uneven distribution due to geological rather than historical variation, which makes it difficult to form a c omplete picture. There are some Neolithic bone samples which show evidence of healing, but it is not certain that this is a result of medical intervention. The large number of trephined skulls found in Europe in Neolithic deposits, and somewhat later also in Peru, is however, incontrovertible evidence of medical activity (Ackerknecht, 1968, p. 8). McKenzie (1936, p. 895) theorizes that the purpose of scraping a hole in the skull was to cure giddiness or epilepsy but it is unclear what evidence can be drawn to point to this conclusion, other than that no trauma is evident in the bones, which could otherwise explain the hole. The Peruvian examples do show evidence of... This study is a great example of an investigation into Neolithic Doctoring practices via visual and chemical analysis. The Neolithic period from between 4000 and 2000 BC is widely recognised as being pivotal in human history because it marks the time when large populations of people shifted from a nomadic, hunter-gatherer lifestyle to a more settled existence dependent on agriculture as a major food source. Evidence for this has been gathered from several centuries of work in the field of archaeology. Often, however, the human artifacts do not provide complete answers to exploratory research questions, and so holistic techniques from the field of anthropology can be used to make sense of supplement sparse findings. The aim of the study is to explore the evidence in Neolithic skeletal remains in order to illuminate medical practices of this period. The majority of the material available from the Neolithic period consists of skeletal remains, and some work has been done on dental evidence and diet (Lubell et al., 1994). A combination of thorough visual examination and modern GC-MS testing of the bone material for chemical elements offers a new angle on medical practices because it will reveal both healing processes at work, and any potential use of medicinal narcotics. These testing techniques have been used on organic residues of 958 British prehistoric pots to trace dairy material and a similar method applied to Neolithic bone may bring to light significant information on medical practices of that time.

Is placing a financial value on the natural envirnment enough Essay

Is placing a financial value on the natural envirnment enough - Essay Example Additionally, the desire for improved infrastructure makes it possible for government agencies and the private sector to overlook the natural environment. Placing a financial value on the natural environment thus makes it possible for the government to maintain high-level accountability thus monitoring changes and implementing appropriate policies in curbing the effects of environmental degradation. Emission of carbon dioxide gases and the diminishing forest cover in countries globally is a vital social issue that governments all over the world strive to address. Pacing financial value on the natural environment thus makes it possible for the government to account for the activities of every individual and determine an appropriate way of compensating especially for people who emit carbon but cannot take social responsibility (Glasson, Therivel & Chadwick, 2005). The Canadian for example has implemented and efficient mechanism of taxing those emitting carbon. Through a tax regime entitled carbon tax, the Canadian government collects revenue it uses in improving the forest cover with the view of increasing conservation of the environment. Additionally, such costs act as incentives for entrepreneurs to use clean sources of energy such as bio fuels, the sun and wind among many others. By placing financial value on the natural environment, the implementation of such effective polici es become more efficient and less exploitative since the government will monitor the activities of every emitter of carbon thereby charging appropriately. The approach adopted by the UK government promises more effectiveness owing to the governments attention to details associated with the placement of the financial value on the natural environment. Total enterprise value is a concept in accounting that helps entrepreneurs to determine the actual value of their entries.

Analysis and discussion of non-markt and market behaviours, economic Term Paper

Analysis and discussion of non-markt and market behaviours, economic analysis of behaviour - Term Paper Example Its impact on RBC and various strategies adopted by the company because of those economic impacts on the organization has also been discussed in this study. The role of cooperative and political behaviors in relation with the market based behaviors of RBS has been studied. Different strategies and policies that have been employed by RBC or are planning to employ have also been included in this study. Table of Contents Table of Contents 3 Canadian Economy – An Overview 5 Financial Sector in Canada – An Overview 6 Royal Bank of Canada 7 Stakeholders of RBC 8 Clients 8 Employees 9 Shareholders or Investors 9 SRI Community 10 Suppliers 10 Governments 10 Environmental NGOs 10 Economic and Regulatory Environment of RBC 11 Canada 11 United States 11 Europe 12 Financial Markets 13 Regulatory Environment 13 Economic Impact 14 Corporate Strategies by RBC 15 Corporate Governance 15 Risk Management 17 Policies and Procedures 17 Mutual Funds and Governance 18 References 19 Canadian Economy – An Overview The economic system of Canada is very much similar to that of United States of America. The industrial society of Canada is high tech in nature and is quite affluent in its resources. The standard of living of the people is quite high. There has been a significant growth in various industrial sectors of Canada like mining, manufacturing, services sector, etc. after the end of World War II in the year 1945. It has resulted in the transformation of the Canadian economy which was rural in nature into an urban and industrial economy. United States serves as the main trading partner of Canada. There have been various trade agreements between these two countries recently like the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and Canada-US Free Trade Agreement (FTA). This has helped in the development of economic integration and trade between the two countries to a considerable amount. Three-fourths of the exports generated from Canada are accounted through a sub stantial amount of surplus in trade with US. Canada is amongst one of the largest supplier of oil, gas, electrical power and other energy sources for United States. Canada managed to have a significant growth in its economy during the period of 1993 to 2007 because of its varied natural resources, modernized plants and labor forces which are highly skilled in nature. At the end of the year 2008, Global Financial Crisis (GFC) had an adverse effect on the Canadian economy and it went into economic recession. In 2009, the country experienced fiscal deficit for the first time in 12 years time. However the major banks in Canada have managed to recover for the ill effects of recession because of its tradition of having strong capitalization and lending practices which are highly conservative in nature. There has been a marginal growth of Canadian economy in the years 2010-2011. By 2005 it is supposed to be able to balance its budget. The petroleum sector of the country is growing at a rap id pace because of the discovery of many new natural oil reserves in Canada. Canada is ranked in the third position in the world with regards to the volume of oil reserves present in the country (CIA, 2012). Financial Sector in Canada – An Overview The financial services sector of Canadian economy consists of banks, loan companies, trusts, insurance companies, credit unions, securities dealers, companies of mutual funds, leasing companies, insurance agents, financial advisors, different types

Advertising & Alcohol Products Essay Example for Free

Advertising Alcohol Products Essay People’s life are built and protected by both us and society. We make our life happiness by enjoy as much as possible qualified products and society which is represented by government ensured the life quality by regulation requesting the obligation from all people towards product’s usage. Nevertheless, in some cases, government has to control and put the enforcement on consumer even if people like to use that product. Alcohol can be seen as a very popular example. People feel excited when use it, but, what will happen if the alcohol consumption increases year by year. As cited by Hall in his research this year, there was 25% increase in liver deaths which is caused by alcohol in last ten years. Not only alcohol beverages but alcohol advertising is interesting as well in attracting people. Therefore, alcohol advertising is now controlled strictly to prevent its bad impact. Government is allowed and able to do this for a better life to UK people. See more: Is the Importance of being earnest a satirical play essay Binge-drinking can be listed as a trouble for middle-aged, middle-class and out-of-control youth in UK. It is worth noting that UK people are one of groups consuming alcohol most in Europe (British Medical Association, 2009). Since, UK government has to consider and find solution for this problem. It can be known that the effect of alcohol is similar to drug as well as tobacco although it depends on the quantities of usage. However, according to BMA board of science, it can be denied that not only drinker but also their relatives are affected by harmful consequences from alcohol such as contributory factor and violence at home. At first, advertising is same as other marketing tools with the aim to persuade people use product as much as possible. In the situation of alcohol, Advertisement increases consumer’s conceptions about alcohol which can promote them buy more. The journal of British Medical Association in 2009 cited the research conducted by Anderson and other researcher s that â€Å"alcohol marketing and promotion relate to the likelihood that adolescents will begin to use alcohol and drink more if they are already using alcohol†. Jernigan (2010) suggested that a mix of unmeasured activities relating to cultural, religious and regulatory context is used by alcohol companies. Advertising approach consumer, especially the Youth in many ways: marketing on Television, newspaper, sponsorship for sports, music, and cinema. The image of alcohol impresses people day by day encouraging them use it naturally. As a result, these activities impacts making decision of the youth in alcohol purchasing because culture, religion and regulation contribute strongly to the growth process of young people. Moreover, The high rate of alcohol beverages advertising’s appearance in public encourage people use it regularly for entertainment and daily usage which will result in bad effect on people life and society. This present can make people see wine, beer as a daily product. The greater availability of alcohol advertising is the reason why people under 23 years old continue to raise their drinking behavior (Jernigan, 2010). The high alcohol consumption of much means their health will have problem as well as the ability of causing violence or crime can be increased in society. Therefore, alcohol advertising should be limited like tobacco so that people will realize that the former also has bad effects as the latter. Although alcohol is still a product and beverage companies have right to advertise, this is sensitive one so that government should control for a safety of people life. The limitation of alcohol advertising will help government protect people’s health and social security. There will be no more crime which is relevant to alcohol. The health of people will be ensured. Let’s take Denmark as an example, this country only accepted broadcast advertising on low alcohol-content products and the rates of alcohol intoxication was reported highest rates at that time among European countries (International Center for Alcohol Policies) Wilby (2008) proposed that people are heavily impacted by advertising due to they are freely to accept information provided by other agents. Therefore, governments should be allowed to control advertising and able to manage the advertising of alcohol beverages companies by using advertising regulation, sign agreement with alcohol beverage companies and advertising agency or control newspaper and broadcasting agencies. He also suggested that governments can put enforcement on the advertising of cars, alcohol, junk food and other potentially dangerous products as the same way they used to work towards tobacco advertising. For example, as established in Advertising Standard Authority, in UK, â€Å"alcohol marketing is required that ads not link alcohol with sex, social success, youth culture or juvenile behavior.† (Hall, 2012) Enjoy the life as well as using entertaining product freely is demand of all most every people. On the other hand, alcohol beverage companies are also absolutely right when they want to provide as much as possible good alcoholic beverages for their consumer. Nevertheless, it is necessary to have a third party which is governments of countries in general and U. K government to put alcohol advertising under the control. They can set regulation and request that alcohol companies follow it strictly.

Global Cosmopolitan Homogenization And Hetrogenization Cultural Studies Essay

Global Cosmopolitan Homogenization And Hetrogenization Cultural Studies Essay The rhetoric of shrinking spaces and the rise of mass consumer culture are the often cited characteristics of the globalization. The outcome of which is a global cosmopolitan world that is deeply interconnected, interdependent and where speed of flows (goods, services, people, capital etc) have increased thanks to the technological and scientific innovation in the era of globalization. Before making such a statement, definitional clarification becomes a must between globalization and globalism. Taking Keohane and Nye (2000) definition, globalisation is a condition of increase whereas globalism is a condition that could both increase or decrease. Globalism is a state of the world involving networks of interdependence at multicontinental distances (ibid: 105). It is a state of world that involves networks of connection and muticontinental distances for such connection to be considered global. Globalization thus refers to the increase of globalism. The increasing flows have taken place at all level economic, environmental as well as socio cultural. Major arguments surrounding globalization has been concerning whether it is a new or an old phenomena or just old wine in a new bottle; or concerning the homogenization, heterogenization, hybridization of the world due to the increased influence and interaction of global processes at all levels. The following paper reviews the major discussion surrounding the latter argument of creation global cosmopolitan culture or whether such flows have created heterogenization and at what levels. Social globalization discussed here is in context to culture. The major thrust of the paper will be the impact of globalization on local cultures and its consequences. What is Culture? Culture has been defined by anthropologists as shared customs and artefacts that bring about a sense of togetherness. Ethnologists describe culture as transmission of intellectual, emotional and behavioural features through learning and interaction. Sociologists emphasis on identity based on habits and thoughts that is required for membership. (Scruton, Roger, 2007:1). Despite definitional confusions one can safely say that culture produces an identity for individuals that are constructed by their language, history, religion and environment. As a result of which internal and external boundaries are created that in way assign distinctiveness to a culture. Religion is an important aspect of culture when one speaks of cultural authenticity (Murden, Simon, 2008:420) it usually refers to religious totems and religious heads who preach them. Speaking in the globalization context, culture in its various forms has become an important agent of globalization process. According to Arjun Appudarai there have been five kinds of flows (in Beynon, John and Dunkerley, David (2000), Globalization the Reader) Ethnoscapes: referring to the movement of people whether (migrants, refugees, exiles, tourists, workers). Technoscapes: increased and faster movement of messages across the globe. This has resulted in a complex relationship between money, political possibilities and availability of both high and low skilled labour. Financescapes: this mainly refers to the flow of capital across borders on a massive scale carried out in split seconds. With such an increase the vulnerability of economies to volatile capital also increases. Mediascapes: The inescapable influence of media through images and narratives. It can have both positive and negative impact. It could be highly informative and progressive providing a medium for the subaltern voices. But at the same time it could be used to promote fundamentalist ideas by fanatics, construct and mould choices and preferences of consumers by the Multinational corporations. Ideoscapes: this mainly refers to flow of ideas and ideologies. Notions of citizenship, democracy, freedom, representation; welfare, human rights, equality of opportunity, Privacy of persons and property, sovereignty and patriotism, individual and collective responsibility, the value of rationality and the rational mind. Waters introduces another dimension that is sacrispaces that refers mainly to the flow of religious ideas and associated values. The cultural traffic is both ways north to south and a vice a versa. However the content of traffic varies. The flow of traffic from north to south has been in gigantic proportions mainly comprising of corporate traffic. Trade liberalisation has facilitated cross border trade, consumptions abroad, commercial presence and presence of natural persons (Hodge.J, 2001: 221). The flow from South to north is more diffused carried mostly by migration. The north to south flow is much more dense and wide; in the case from south to north it is more diffused and gets acclimatised easily. This two way flow carry symbols of globalization which carry with them whole bunch of socio cultural premises. Culture as a carrier of globalization has become an important arena of contestation for national, religious and ethnic identity. Although reactions to contemporary globalization are seen in developed world like Japan, Europe where modern values prevail, however in Muslim countries that are characterised to be traditional and radical harbour different values of identity and society. In such a scenario Lieber and Weisberg (2002) point out to intense reactions redirected at external targets through forms of transference and scape goating. The major debate of the impact of globalization on culture seems to be between those who consider globalization as enriching and aiding a cultural community in development on one hand and the pessimist view that considers it as an evil that corrupts so called authentic culture. Samuel Huntington in his writings on the Clash of civilizations states that with the end of the cold war and its contest of ideologies and as a result of disruptions brought by modernization, urbanization and mass communication, the fundamental source of international conflict will not be primarily ideological but cultural.(pp ibid: 3). Cultural resistance to globalization has been mainly in context to rational and scientific notions western modernity. Two types of impacts come into view economic impact of modernity. The most commonly referred is the consumer culture spread by the MNC through media and entertainment industry. The second impact mainly refers to the western values of reasoning, secularism, religious tolerance, democracy, liberty, rule of law, gender equality, human rights etc. Thus there is resistance to such western ideas that challenge religious unscientific traditions that many communities consider as important identity marker of culture. The Islamic revival of 1970s, Hindu revivalist RSS, VHP that challenge secular foundation of India. In China the rise of Falun Gong movement inspired by Chinese guru in U.S.A post relaxation of communist totalitarianism. In Russia and Eastern Europe, the revival of orthodox and other christen sects. Murden.Simon: 420. Destabilizing Effect: Modernity = Westernization? Octavio Paz outlines that socioeconomic modernity is the fate of all cultures in that they are integrated at a structural level in the orders of the nation-state system and the global capitalist market but this integration which is structural fait accompli, not a cultural option- alters the terms of culture irrevocably, since it entails a one way agents journey from tradition to modernity. Cultures are condemned to modernity not simply by the structural process of economic development but by the process of self development. The enlightenment project has not resulted in emancipation as seen in the alienation, anomie, and iron cage of instrumental reason. (Tomlinson, John 1991:142). Such a critique of modernity could appear as a critique of homogenization or equating modernity to capitalist society. Tomlinson rightly argues the importance of capitalism in making of modern societies but it is a certain inflection of modernity and not vice versa. He calls for a critical approach that pro bes the embeddedness of modernitys discontent in a political economic system which simultaneously offers attraction over traditional societies. Amratya Sen refutes the very argument that considers liberalism and reasoning as exclusively western .According to him such ideas did exist in the past in non western worlds. The usage of the term western may create anti western sentiments in some societies which are seen in the way of glorifying Asian values and Islamic ideals. For him part of the reason lies in the anticolonial sentiments and the alienation faced that have lingered on for generations. He underlies the humiliation faced in the form of racialism, slave trade, physical abuse that harboured such antiwest sentiments. This gives rise to a colonized mind where there is both admiration and resentment of west. However where the latter dominates it gives rise to: needless hostility to many global ideas under the mistaken impression of western ideas, distorted the intellectual and scientific history if the world, the support it has given to rise of fundamentalism and terrorism. (Sen.A 2006:84-89). Alvin Edgall points defines culture as values, attitudes, beliefs, mindsets, central tendencies, worldwide views and orientations that are prevalent in a given society. Giving emphasis on the importance of culture as guide to institutions, as underlying principle of economic activity and as social capital, he cites Tu Wie Ming who discusses alternative forms of modernities owing to its success to Asian values. This suggests that imported institutions and ideas are filtered and modified by culture of the native place. Thus questioning the idea of equating modernization and westernization. It becomes important to emphasis here that different communities may identify culture differently and the importance they give to different aspects of cultures as well. In parts of Middle east, South Asia and Africa have resentment against west is due to their problems with modernity of the west that impinges on their identity. In East Asia and Latin America it is cultural alienation generated by pro liferation of American culture that creates a sense of unease. But often it concerns the intellectual elites than general public. (Wieser and Lieberg, 2002) Mendes and Soares (1996) while discussing cultural pluralism, identity in globalization highlight the inappropriateness of communal emphasis as a reactive to globalization, it was also a way of establishing a sense of identity within the globalization arena. From the above arguments it is clear that none refute the claim of central importance of culture and its fluidity to reshape by both internal as well as external factors. Cultural Homogenization Globalization of culture entails two opposite views, it could either be progressive or it could erode local cultures and threatens its existence. When one talks in terms of globalization of culture it mainly refers to the spread of consumer culture fed through technologies and global media houses to the public. David Held (2003) points out to pop music, television, cinema and tourism as principal agents of globalization. A major addition to this category would be the cyber space where blogging has helped create a sphere of public reasoning and discursion. Benyon and Dunkerley point two way dynamism between the global and local, the global impacting the local and vice versa. Riesar and Davis invented the term globalize that was tantamount to universalization. This has further reinstated neoliberals and hyperglobalists. This has given rise to what is called cultural convergence characterised by global markets, mass media and cyber space that have created homogenised world. The creation of Bretton woods institutions and the United nations have further provided impetus to this project that seek to promote global governance with convergence of ethical and moral principles. Another major shift has been the change in the role of the state with increasing role of capital forces that have given rise to consumerism. The optimist argument of such homogenization talk interms of cosmopolitan global culture. Held argues that there is nothing new about globalization but the current stream of globalization has given rise to a highly networked and organised links in the form of global economy where markets rule the roost but at the same time new regulatory forms of governance have also come into place. In consequence has given rise to a host of global problems concerning issues on environment, economy to sovereignty that has reshaped global politics that today is not only anchored in traditional geopolitical concerns of power, security and trade but larger social and ecological questions(ibid: 467). The rising cosmopolitanism of belonging to a single order. In a world where nationalistic feelings are subsiding while cultural identity is emphasized it is important to accommodate four principles of cosmopolitanism Individual egalitarianism or individualistic moral egalitarianism where all human beings belong to a single realm where each individual is to be treated equally. The principle of reciprocal recognition that seeks tolerance from all individuals belonging to that single ethical realm. The principle of consent that calls an uncoerced political process where free interaction of individuals is possible. Principle of inclusiveness and subsidiarity which calls for giving voice to those who are more affected by public decision making. Although he does recognise the pessimism against globalization but he also seems to firmly believe in a cosmopolitan accommodative world based on the above mentioned principles. The common overlapping issues over divergent interests help create cosmopolitan governance and social justice. J.AScholte (1996) discusses an intercultural community that transcends the debate between communitarianism and cosmopolitanism. That is based on seven Rs Relaxation, Recognition, Respect, reciprocity, restraint and resistance. All this reveals a very optimist an accommodative view about global cosmopolitanism. The pessimistic view of homogenisation stresses on the devouring of local cultures in the wake of global consumerism; and that authenticity resides today only in museums and theatres. Domination of homogenised culture through transnational forces will be the reality. The coca-lization and Americanisation are terms that describe broadly the homogenizing effects of capitalist consumerism. Another major criticism against consumerism is the attack on authentic culturethrough creation of false consciousness among people. A notable example in this regard is the commodification of culture through tourism where the local is packaged to suit the taste and preferences of western elites. This in a way thwarts indigenous culture. Global Impact on the Local: Rise of Consumer Culture the sum of the processes by which a society is brought into the modern world system and how its dominating system is attracted, pressured and forced and sometimes bribed into shaping social institutions to correspond to or even promote, the values, structures of the dominating centre of the system. (Tomlinson, John 1996: 103) The irony that globalization creates is quite astounding where water may not be able for far off distances in rural India but Coke, Pepsi and packaged food would be readily available at tiny shops. The rise of consumer culture is often linked to spread of capitalism establishing cultural imperialism. This gets further elaborated into, first culture in service of capitalism and secondly cultural critique of capitalism producing a globalised consumer culture by commodifying action and experience. Baudillard argues that the media is not a means of communication as there is no feedback per say. He discusses medias potential in creating a hyper real world such that it absorbs the real within it. It is not true there is no response after the media reception but the nature of output is quite debatable. The problematic area actually lies in construction and moulding of preferences by the media through its various channels. Media monopoly in this context can be quite dangerous as only six media houses control almost 20-30% of what is globally televised. eg News Corp, Time Warner, Disney, Burtelsmann, Viacom and Vivendi Universal most of which are based in OECD countries. As a result of which there is a limited band of choices and choices are imposed. There is no doubt regarding the extent of media influence but it must also be noted that when alternative viewpoints are not allowed a voice media very often becomes a device for such voices to be heard. Tomlinson in his arguments of cultural imperialism argues that there needs to be a distinction made between creating conditions for spread of capitalism and viewing it as a socio economic system (as a product of capitalist spread). This reductionist critique suffers from economic explanation rather than explaining cultural experiences. Secondly it falsely assumes that people are ideologically manipuable and capitalism relies on ideological manipulation of people. Furthering the critical theory argument suggests consumerism to be treated as a part of a wider structural context of capitalist modernity. Structural differentiation referring to the separation of domestic and work sphere. This inturn creates structurally imposed needs (ibid: 132). These needs may not be real needs but imposed on them by the conditions in which they live. They also create clash of interest between differentiated roles and interest. In such conditions recognition of autonomous individual needs and desires be comes difficult. Moreover the depth and extent of impact of consumer capitalism of the west is questionable. Howes also argues that treating human beings as passive recipients is highly problematic. Although there is no denial that local cultures are subject to western influences, however this westerness may be modified to suit their own needs. The use of term globalization as westernization and universalization have become redundant (Scholte.J, 2000) and that globalization should be understood more interms of deterritorialization or rise of supraterritorial linkages that are continuously influencing social space. This does not imply an end to territoriality, however there is move from three dimensional geography (latitude, longitude and altitude to four dimensional spaces to include globality that increasingly changes the map of social relations. (ibid). This brings us to the argument of heterogenization and hybridization. Heterogenization and Hybridisation Cultural globalization must be understood as faster movement of both tangible and intangible in a deeply interconnected and interdependent world. Although one cannot deny the increasing presence and spread of homogenizing symbols, there has been also resurgence in protecting and maintaining distinctiveness on one hand at the same time cross cultural interaction has resulted in what is commonly used as hybridisation of cultures and reproduction of new cultures. Tomlinson argues that the mere presence of western commodities does not imply that the local cultures and national cultural identities will be eroded. Instead there might be a reassertion of such forces. Indeed there is no contention on the global presence of such consumerist cultural symbols (that are considered as agents of homogenization) but these symbols are being increasingly being modified to suit the native needs.Peter Jackson argues that globalization is a site of contestation than an established fact. By drawing examples from China and South Africa, he emphasizes that producers are more and more modifying their products to suit native taste and preferences. In China post the Open Door Policy of 1970s Cadbury had to adopt Chinese way of doing business and products were given local names with decreased quantities of sugar and increased quantities of cocoa content. In the presence of Indianized version of Pizza-paneer salsa and chiken tikka as well as introduction of Chilli an d Garlic sauce to Mc Donald. All these examples are evidence of resilience of local cultures to the transnational products. From the above it is clear that it is not only the global but local that impacts. It can be said that the local coexists with the global resulting in hybridisation or heterogeneous voices of dissent. In a way globalization has encouraged reassertion of indigenous identities and what is also called new social movements. Eg global tourism has intensified Hawaiian sensibilities, global deforestation has triggered indigenous activism in Amazonia, the activation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) resulted in armed rebellion in Mexicos Chiapas State (Scholte,Jan Aart 1996 :578). In India the increasing social unrest against development induced displacements triggered by the proliferation of Multinational projects in the tribal belts. Expanding supraterritoriality has also been linked to increasing secessionist movements in the form of ethnic revivals by communities who were previously under a larger nation state. Eg the case of former Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. This reveals that such collective identities are becoming more and more conscious of their distinction. Reactions of ethnic identities against globalization world mainly spread of global capitalism, biased global governance agendas and on global environmental issues has also emerged. Apart from this detteritorialization has also resulted in assertion of identities that may not be connected to a particular place and a common issue that cuts across borders binds them. For example women movements, movements against racism, gays and lesbian movements, against human rights atrocities. Scholte gives an excellent classification of supraterritorial identities based on race, gender, class and youth. There has been loosening of nationalist identity as a product of modern territorial states on one hand and rise of supraterritorial nationalism. Globalization and the technological diffusion accompanied have resulted in strengthening ties between dispersed immigrants. The nationality principle may be reasserted on a global platform through use of media, efforts are being made to revitalize native la nguages etc. At a more individual level Scholte talks about fragmentation of the self and the production of multiple identities and often get lost in a multiple categorizations of gender, class, race, orientation, religion etc that have become even more sharper. Kinvall (2004) borrowing from Anthony Giddensattempts to give psychological explanations to the phenomena of supraterritorial nationalism or voices of decent in an alien nation. Ontological security referring to persons fundamental sense of safety in the world and includes a basic trust of other people and existential anxiety that is Protection against future threat and dangers which allows individuals to sustain hope and courage in the face of whatever debilitating circumstances she or he might later confront.(ibid: 746). In this sense migration is viewed as a sense of psychological process where the migrant may feel insecure and feel a sense of homelessness. Social constructivist theories emphasize on the linguistic and na rrative construction of identity which has been criticised by Kinvall as being unable to explain meaning of fluid identities. There is also mention of the thick signifier approach that probes how individuals define themselves in relation to others according to their structural axis of power(ibid) thus there in advent of heightened ontological insecurity people seek a stable identity. This can be seen in the increased efforts to create a home like environment in a place that one may not belong natively. Eg establishment of religious places of worship where the community gathering can take place and recreate rituals of home country in foreign land by celebrating of cultural festivals. Self categorization and other social identity theories attempt to explain own groups in relation to others as well as understanding self at different levels (individual, intergroup and inter species). Despite limitations a common thread running through all these theories is an attempt to explain how people form associations, try to replicate their native conditions to feel a sense of belongingness in an environment of heightened insecurity. In such conditions nationalism and religion become influential in offering save havens against such insecurities. Both national and religious identity make claims to a monolithic and abstract identity that is, one stable identity that answers to the need of securitized subjectivity Kinvall There needs to be a distinction made between religion as a cultural experience and religion as a fundamentalist expression. It is the latter form that reveals the uglier side of cultural preservation where violence becomes a defence mechanism. What we appear to be witnessing is a deprivation of religion, global desecularization of the world with an increase in anti-secular movements and discourses disenchanted with the project of modernity and insistence on the political potential and public role religious beliefs and practices.(Karner and Alridge, 2004). Revival of protestant Christianity in Latin America and parts of Sub Saharan Africa. There have been studies conducted to show that participation in religious fundamentalism and spread of religion is quite substantial among downtrodden and unemployed youth. Fundamentalist edge of religion is further sharpened when politics enters. Eg the Islamic revolution in Iran, rise of hindutva in Indian politics. The homogenising effect of cons umerism is proved wrong by the reaffirmation of religion based identities where religion becomes a potent weapon that threatens to deststabilize tolerance. The global chaos theorist argues the same stating that convergence of values and imposition that are unwelcomed that results might take the form of violence. (Dutceac, Anamaria, 2004: 3) Leiser and Weidberg talk about culture as an arena of contestation within three overlapping popular, folk and high culture. Popular culture dominated by the so called American music, movies, fashion, music. Folk culture being destroyed to suit the foreign needs and preferences and high culture (culture associated with elites) with expression found in museums, international festivals, internet etc. (ibid: 283). Each of these become sights of contestations between different cultures. This cultural backlash varies from place to place. In developed societies reactions to Americanisation is seen more interms of policy responses. Eg France, Italy and Spain have tried to control the amount of American imports in films by imposition of tariffs. China and North Korea on western images and goods. The reaction is worse in Muslim countries where backlash takes violent forms intrusion of western influences and crisis of traditional societies in the wake of socio-ecomic changes. The terrorist atta cks are examples in this regard. The west inturn defends itself by blaming inherent trouble within such societies. It has become too useful a smokescreen for Muslim nations many deficits? Their corruption, their incompetence, their oppression of their citizens, their economic, scientific and cultural stagnation. America-hating has become a badge of identity, making it possible a chest beating, flag burning rhetoric of word and deed that makes men feel good. It contains a strong streak of hypocrisy, hating most what it desires most, and elements of self loathing. (We hate America because it has made of identity disregard and self what we cannot make of our selves). What America is accused of? Close mindedness, stereotyping, ignorance? Is also what its accusers would see if they looked into a mirror? -Salman Rushdie A .Sen. (2006) explains the distinction between multiculturalism and plural monoculturalism. Multiculturalism implies coexistence with interaction whereas plural monoculturalism implies coexistence without interaction. It is the latter that may fan hostilities between communities. However multiculturalism must encourage diversity and at the same time provide freedom of choice and decision making, it must not be coerced. Conclusion There has indeed been an increase interaction and deepening of networks that characterizes contemporary form of globalization however that should not be mistaken for increased homogenization or westernization or Americanisation! There is no contention on the flow of goods and availability of western goods and services in foreign lands but that does not imply moving in the direction of sameness. Local cultures develop resilience mechanism however crude in form they may be. The very fact that western goods are marketed keeping in mind the taste and preference of natives is a proof that homogenisation is not a norm. Escobar rightly exclaims that when a border is eliminated it reappears somewhere else. (Culture sits in its place. He further two subaltern strategies place based that are attached to territory and culture and glocal strategies that utilises global networks. In sum a case can be made for hybridisation of culture or what is termed as creolization where new meanings are assign ed to imported culture. A straight jacketed theory of placing individuals into one category or assuming them to be self interested individuals would be too reductionist view. Individuals have multiple roles to play and it is important therefore to examine ways by which communities try to hang on to their cultures even when they are part of translocal networks.

Free Siddhartha Essays: Themes in Siddhartha :: Hesse Siddhartha Essays

Themes in Siddhartha Siddhartha by Hermann Hesse tells of a man, Siddhartha, and his search for peace.   Siddhartha leaves the Brahmins to become a holy Samamna.   He finds no satisfaction in the deprivation, which the Samanas practice, so he leaves their way of life to find the Buddha.   The Buddha's teachings fail to satisfy his desire to find a path to peace, also.   He then travels to a town but finds no answers there either.   Finally, beside the river, Siddhartha finds peace.   There are two main themes in Siddhartha; the father/son theme and the theme of peace and totality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The theme of father and own can be found at the beginning and end of the novel.   Siddhartha leaves his father at the very beginning of the book in order to find the peace he feels he has not achieved by being a Brahmin, and Siddhartha never sees his father again.   Siddhartha has a son with a courtesan in the town and has responsibility for him after his mother dies; the boy does not like staying by the river with Siddhartha and runs away, causing Siddhartha the same grief that Siddhartha had caused his own father years ago.   These losses suffered by the by both Siddhartha and his father are all a part of Siddhartha's journey to achieve inner peace.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The theme of peace and totality appears throughout the Siddhartha.   Siddhartha's father performs ablutions in the river and offers sacrifices to the gods in a never ending attempt to achieve peace within himself.   The Samanas practice deprivation and attempt to escape the Self through meditation, only to realize that they only achieve totality for a short time.   The Buddha has found peace and vainly attempts to explain to others how they, too, might achieve peace.

Latin Love :: Online Community Communities Essays

Latin Love I was taken by surprise and intrigued when my teacher told me to join an online community and follow the postings and chats for my next English paper. That same class period I spent a lot of time looking around finding all sorts of sites and topics that could keep my interest. As I explored I was trying to figure out what an online community really was. I wasn’t sure if a site with just a discussion board was enough for this project, so I tried to find others with chat rooms. Finally I came across a subject that interested me and I felt met the requirements for an online community. It was a place where common interests link people to a community online. In Howard Rheingold’s The Virtual Community an online community is stated as, â€Å"an online discussion group in which members develop long-term friendships through their interactions online. In such a community, members become intimate though they have never seen each other face to face.† Such a place is illustrated when Rheingold related the tick story in his book. It was late one night when he and his wife found a tick on their baby’s scalp. They were frightened and didn’t know what to do, so the Rheingold logged onto the WELL, an information site, to see if he could get an answer. Before his wife got a hold of the normal pediatrician, he had received an answer online. â€Å"Many people are alarmed by the very idea of a virtual community, fearing that it is another step in the wrong direction†¦Ã¢â‚¬  However, such a place for people to gather and help is needed, as demonstrated by the tick incident. An online community is a place where peo ple can gather and share information they have learned throughout the years. It is a place of solace to many and a resource to others. â€Å"Who is to say that this preference for informal written text is somehow less authentically human than opting for audible speech† (Rheingold 94)? Who is to say that written text is not as valid as spoken words? Before the time of the telephone, the only form of communication was written letters. The online community I chose tied both the written and the audible to the site. Music was the common interest in my online community.

House Security Essay

http://www.apogeekits.com/remote_control_by_phone.htm Remote Control via Telephone Kit K6501 Makes it possible to turn up to three devices on or off over the telephone. It is also possible to check the status of a switch (open or closed). Remote Control Thermostat Kit K6502 Used as any other thermostat, but with the added function of choosing the day or night temperature setting by means of remote control over a telephone. Remote Control by Cell Phone Kit MK160 Use your cell phone for remote control of lighting, heating, gate operation, control animal feeders, activate a car alarm, etc. E-Lock Electronic Lock Kit ML222 A touch tone activated combination lock controlled by the keypad of a mobile phone. When the correct combination is entered, a relay on the circuit board is activated. The relay can be connected to a solenoid (not included) to unlock a door or cabinet. http://www.endoacustica.com/spy_telephone.htm A Spy Phone, or GSM Spy cellphone, is a normal mobile phone, where a software has been installed, which allows a third party to monitor the activities of the phone user. To avoid suspicions, a Spyphone must be given either as a present (for family members monitoring) or given as company equipment (for personnel monitoring). Naturally, if you want to listen to a person’s conversation, they must be using the phone on which the spy software has been installed. It is important to clarify that the GSM spy cellphone is not a phone that you can use to listen to conversations involving other people around you; on the contrary, this is a handset whose conversations can be listened to from an unlimited distance. To be able to listen to environmental conversations taking place around the spy phone, you must call it from your phone (the so called monitoring phone). The spy cellphone software will recognize the caller as a controlling number, and will silently activate the microphone, allowing you to listen to conversations around the phone within a range of a few meters. To intercept a telephone conversation, you will have to wait for a phone call to star t, which will be notified to you with an SMS message. At this point you will be able to call the spy telephone from the monitoring number, and listen to the phone call in real time, and without being noticed. To intercept text messages, both incoming and outgoing, you just have to send an SMS to the spyphone, containing a command string which will activate the relevant function. To locate the GPS position of the spy mobile phone, you can send another text command by SMS, and within a few minutes, the spy phone will reply with an SMS that indicates the geographical coordinates of its position. At this point, just enter the coordinates on Google Maps or Google Earth, and you will be immediately able to see the exact location of the spy cellphone at that time. If you are very busy, and have no time to call and listen in real time, you can activate the recording function, which will automatically record all calls and environmental conversations, and at a later stage send them directly to your e-mail address. This function is activated just like all others, and that is, by sending an SMS, which just like all other operating commands will not be displayed on the spy phone screen. In fact, all functions can be activated via SMS, and in the same fashion they can be disabled one by one. Our GSM spyphones have a wide range of applications like monitoring older people or children, or to protect your assets or personal interests. They are not meant to be used for any illegal purpose. Our spy software is installed manually. The spy file is sent via infrared or Bluetooth connection, from your computer or another phone. This aspect can help us in difficult cases: for example, if you are not able to have your target use a spy phone that you can give as a present or a benefit, all you need to do is get hold of their phone for a few minutes, and quickly transfer the spy software from your phone via Bluetooth, installing the software within a few seconds, without leaving any visible sign. Once the spy software is correctly installed, the job is done. All functions can be individually enabled, disabled or configured remotely via SMS. All SMS messages containing operating instructions are absolutely invisible: the spyphone receives them, but they are grabbed by the spy software and will not show up on the display or give out any sign of activity. In one unique product you will find comfortable and effective security control of your home using the simplest of controls. GSM Alarm & Home Control operates fully automatically. Ensure your house is safe with a chip or a card, with an alarm siren, with a message to your phone or to a security agency and enjoy the possibility of switching on an appliance with a phone call or an sms. However, if you require more comfortable control, you can have a touch screen control in your home, an application on your mobile or even connect to your home via the internet. The product will secure the whole house when you leave. At night, however, it can protect only the rooms that you do not use. This ensures a good nights sleep, safe in the mind that your house is secure from illegal entry whilst you sleep. It’s up to you whether you connect an outdoor siren and rely on the fact that thieves will be frightened away, or, vice versa, if you let a thief steal in peace while the silent alarm is alerting the security agency and you have a chance to catch the thieves red-handed. With our product you can connect indoor and outdoor thermometers. From a distance you can check the temperature, receive an SMS if the set temperature is exceeded and even specify the individual room temperature. Before arriving at your weekend cottage or at home you can set the temperature in advance so that you come home to a nice, comfortable climate. Remote controls are expensive and often do not have the necessary reach or you are constantly looking for it! In contrast, we carry a mobile phone all the time. Therefore, if the appliance is connected to GSM Home Control you can easily control everything from your mobile. This doesn’t just mean from anywhere in the world, you can also do it from the comfort of your sofa! The product doesn’t satisfy the basic configuration for your house? Do you have specific requirements? We are here for you and we can prepare any configuration to give you peace of mind. http://www.levelna.com/en/gc-055-gsm-alarm-amp-house-control.htm